Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Book Review - Essay ExampleThe writer grasps the attention of the writer through its fascinating revelations. Carr celebrates and admits in the volume that the meshwork has given has many leisure facilities and conveniences, providing us quick and easy to access services. He has reflected on the notion, that with the advent of Internet and its overpowering nature in our lives, human mind has also become a technical mind. Internet has changed the way human mind thinks, it only encourages it to click and flick, losing its interest in the literary productions and reading material good books. One of the reasons, for loss of interest is that internet has lessened our power to focus, Carr admits himself that he cannot read a book without losing concentration and his mind vagabondage after every few minutes. Carr reflects that the Net and multimedia strains our cognitive abilities, diminishing our learning and weakening our understanding (129). Carr has exhibited through different rela tions that because of the distractive nature of the internet and the various digital technologies, fewer and fewer people feel interested in introspective, deep reading activities. Carr is one of those technology writers who does not indulge in geeky tech writing, rather he grips his reader by beautifully crafted narrative and turns the technical details into sheer poetry.Carr starts the book mainly my admitting his own weaknesses in stress and his distractive mind. He admits that he has been unable to focus lately and his mind is wandering to different other unrelated things and activities. He admits that it is not just about reading the books but he also has trouble focusing on other tasks as well and he keeps forgetting things and his memory is not as good as it used to be. He thinks that although the new media is changing the way we think and affecting our brain in several ways, it has several side-effects and one of the most observable and broad ones are that our brain is los ing the power to

Economics at the University of Pennsylvania Essay Example for Free

Economics at the University of Pennsylvania EssayAlthough I want to major in Economics at the University of Pennsylvania, I have a madness for poetry and prose, and I would love more than anything to develop my writing skills in Penns School of Arts and Sciences. That program provides the train and distinguished qualities that I seek. One must be a great reader before becoming a great writer, so I scotch in books of every genre to expand my range of knowledge. Literature brings me great joy, and I result strive to integrate my fondness for reading and writing into my college experience. Penns English Department is unique in that it provides the opportunity for students to place an emphasis on studies in creative writing. Within that framework, I want to channel my passion for poetry into academia. As founder and president of Shandong Normal University Literature Association, if accepted, I plan to visit the Kelly Writers House religiously as a way to return my perpetual cra ving for remarkable literature. I envision myself grabbing a turkey and cheese sandwich with no mayonnaise at the 1920 Commons, then rushing finish up to the Kelly Writers House with an armful of books by Maya Angelou and Eric Schlosser.Gathered in a tight circle of chairs, I want to share professional works with fellow literature lovers. We provide offer our own daring lines of free verse, swap suggestions, compliments, and light-hearted laughs. During workshops, my very soul seeps steadily through an invisible tube from brain to ballpoint. This complex phenomenon of input-output produces painstakingly position ink on paper, a painting made of letters. On my way to a morning class on modern American poetry, I leave pass Oldenbergs famed Split Button and acknowledge Mr.Franklin sitting upright in his chair. After the lecture, I can envision Professor Josephine approximate range and I conducting research by analyzing the influence of conflicts between America and East Asia on As ian-American texts. As part of the Penn family, I will converse with colleagues, sisters, and brothers that destiny forgot to recognize. Then, I will tutor secondary school students about reading and writing through the outreach program.Having been featured in a myriad of written works and make my own collections, I will roll up my sleeves and organize literary pieces in the weekly undergraduate magazine, First Call. As evening emerges, I will bike to the Van Pelt Library, work comfortably in my favorite armchair, and complete the finishing touches on a Second World War paper. locomotion to other parts of the City of Brotherly Love, study group friends and I will order a few Philly Cheesesteaks from Pats King of Steaks for dinner. My roommate, with lips coat in frothy toothpaste, will open the door when I get back.After taking a shower, I will dry my hair on a blue polka dot towel, sit on my bed, and chortle cheerfully while my roommate chatters about the highlights of her day. The n I will read an article about the Penn Museum from The Daily Pennsylvanian. After turning off the lights and setting my alarm clock for 600am, I will drape my jogging rook and shirt on a chair for the morning. Before drifting off to sleep, I will fondly recall submitting my application to Penn, and smile in the ease of my room, happy to be here at last.

The Bane of Living in the Cities Essay Example for Free

The Bane of Living in the Cities EssayWhen we discuss about living in enlarged cities or small towns, divers(prenominal) people have different point of view. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages. From my personal opinion, ample cities have much advantages as comp atomic number 18d to small towns, which I appease disagree with the topic. There are three points I would like to highlight here on why I said living in big cities brings more benefits. Firstly, big cities have far better quality education from lower to higher education. What I am trying to emphasize here is big cities can provide us with modern and adequate academic environment which I find it is very important as education is the key for achievement in the future career. Therefore, students in big cities can get several(prenominal) benefits from the modern education offered such as multimedia teaching, electronic library and too internet. curb moreadvantage and disadvantage of living in the cityBy c ontrast, those who are living in small towns cannot take the opportunity as much as in big cities because there are not enough modern facilities provided in small towns. Secondly, we can see that more and more people especially the young people migrate to big cities because they see many opportunities in employment. As we all know, most of the local and internationalistic companies are situated in big cities so there are many places that they can work as opposed to small towns. Consequently, they have bigger chances in achieving their dreamed career and also pursue in what they like. In addition to this, most of the jobs offered in big cities have bigger salaries so that is why it is angiotensin converting enzyme of the attractions for the young people to exist in big cities. Last but not least, people live in big cities can enjoy several entertainments and closer to better services like hospitals.To illustrate, in big cities there are many shopping centers, entertainment parks a nd also many of the international events are held here. We can enjoy our quality time with our family in the entertainment parks but not for those who live in small towns because there is no such thing there. Furthermore, hospitals are nearer to you in big cities and the services offered are better compared to hospitals in small towns as they are fully furnished with modern equipments and also most of the specialists work there, It is true that despite these benefits of living in big cities, there are certain disadvantages to it. However, when compared both, I tend to see the advantages outweigh the disadvantages so that is why I am more on living in big cities. In a nutshell, no matter where we live it depends on an individual to make the decision to continue living your life.

Time Management Essay Example for Free

succession trouble EssayTime forethought skills be essential for successful community these ar the practical techniques which dupe helped the leading people in business, sport and public service r individu every(prenominal)y the pinnacles of their cargoners.The 8020 RuleThis is neatly summed up in the Pareto Principle, or the 8020 Rule. This argues that typic solelyy 80% of unfocussed effort generates sole(prenominal) 20% of results. The remaining 80% of results are achieved with only 20% of the effort. While the ratio is not always 8020, this broad pattern of a sm wholly proportion of bodily process generating non-scalar returns recurs so frequently as to be the norm in numerous areas. If you civilise for an organization, oeuvre how more than you cost it each year. Include your salary, payroll taxes, the cost of office space you occupy, equipment and facilities you use, expenses, administrative support, etc. If you are self-employed, work the annual running be of your business.If you work normal minute of arcs, you leave behind have approximately 200 fruitive days each year. If you work 7 hours each day, this equates to 1,500 hours in a year. From these figures, manoeuver an hourly rate. This should give a reasonable estimate of how much your meter is worth this whitethorn be a surprisingly large amount When you are deciding whether or not to take a task on, think ab come to the fore this value are you wasting your or your organizations re germs on a depression yield task? ________________________________________ ad hominem Time worry for Busy Managersby Gerard M BlairTime passes, quickly. This article looks at the basics of ad hominemTime perplexity and describes how the Manager can assume control of this basic resource.The Eff wordsThe three Eff words are concise OEDEffective having a definite or desired effectEfficient productive with minimum waste or effortEffortless seemingly without effort natural, easyPersonal Time Man agement is about victorious the Eff words making them apply to you and your daily routines.What is Personal Time Management?Personal Time Management is about haughty the use of your most valuable (and undervalued) resource. Consider these two enquirys what would happen if you spent company money with as few safeguards as you authorize company period, when was the in conclusion magazine you scheduled a review of your age allocation? The absence of Personal Time Management is characterized by last minute rushes to meet dead-lines, confluences which are either double booked or achieve nothing, days which seem somehow to causa unproductively by, crises which loom unexpected from nowhere. This sort of environment leads to extravagant stress and degradation of performance it must be stopped. Poor clock clock management is often a symptom of oer confidence techniques which used to work with small projects and workloads are entirely reused with large ones.But inefficiencies whi ch were insignificant in the small role are ludicrous in the large. You can not capture a motor bike care a bicycle, nor can you manage a supermarket-chain like a market stall. The demands, the problems and the payoffs for increased efficiency are all larger as your responsibility grows you must learn to apply proper techniques or be bettered by those who do. Possibly, the reason Time Management is poorly practiced is that it so seldom forms a measured part of appraisal and performance review what many fail to foresee, however, is how intimately it is connected to aspects which do. Personal Time Management has many facets.Most managers recognize a few, exactly few recognize them all. There is the simplistic concept of keeping a well ordered journal and the related idea of innovationned activity. But beyond these, it is a tool for the systematic ordering of your influence on events, it underpins many other managerial skills such as Effective Delegation and Project Planning. Pe rsonal Time Management is a set of tools which allow you to fall wastage be prepared for meetings refuse undue workloads monitor project come allocate resource ( clipping) appropriate to a tasks importance ensure that long term projects are not neglected pattern each day efficiently plan each week effectively and to do so simply with a little self-discipline.Since Personal Time Management is a management process just like any other, it must be planned, monitored and regularly reviewed. In the followingsections, we will examine the basic methods and functions of Personal Time Management. Since true understanding depends upons experience, you will be asked to take part by looking at aspects of your own work. If you do not have time to this right now ask yourself why not? Current PracticeWhat this article is advocating is the adoption of certain practices which will give you greater control over the use and allocation of your primary resource time. Before we start on the future, i t is worth considering the present. This involves the simplistic task of keeping a note of how you spend your time for a suitably long period of time (say a week). I say simplistic since all you have to do is create a simple table, photocopy half-a-dozen copies and carry it around with you filling in a row every time you change activity. After one week, allocate time (start as you mean to go on) to reviewing this log.Waste DisposalWe are not looking here to create new categories of work to enhance efficiency (that comes later) but simply to eliminate wastage in your current practice. The average IEE Chartered Engineer earns about 27,000 pounds per annum about 12.50 pounds per hour, say 1 pound every 5 minutes for how many 5 minute sections of your activity would you have paid a pound? The first step is a critical appraisal of how you spend your time and to question some of your habits. In your time log, identify periods of time which might have been better used. There are various so urces of waste. The most common are social telephone calls, friends dropping by, conversations around the coffee machine. It would be foolish to eliminate all non-work related activity (we all need a break) but if its a choice between chatting to Harry in the afternoon and meeting the neighboring pay-related deadline Your time log will show you if this is a problem and you might like to do something about it before your boss does.In your time log, look at each work activity and decide objectively how much time each was worth to you, and compare that with the time you actually spent on it. An afternoon spent polishing an internal memo into a Pulitzer prize winning piece of provocative prose is waste an hour spent debating the leaving present of a colleague is waste a minute spent sorting out the paper-clips is waste (unless relaxation). This type of activity will be reduced naturally bymanaging your own time since you will not allocate time to the trivial. Specifically, if you hav e a task to do, decide before hand how long it should take and work to that deadline then move on to the next task.Another common source of waste stems from delaying work which is unpleasant by finding distr actions which are less important or unproductive. Check your log to see if any tasks are universe delayed simply because they are dull or difficult. Time is often wasted in changing between activities. For this reason it is useful to group confusable tasks together thus avoiding the start-up delay of each. The time log will show you where these savings can be made. You may want then to initiate a routine which deals with these on a fixed but regular basis.Doing Subordinates WorkHaving considered what is complete waste, we now turn to what is merely inappropriate. Often it is simpler to do the job yourself. utilise the stamp machine to frank your own letters ensures they leave by the next post writing the missing summary in the latest betterment report from your junior is m ore pleasant than sending it back (and it lets you choose the emphasis). Rubbish Large gains can be made by assigning secretarial duties to secretaries they regularly catch the next post, they type a lot faster than you. Your subordinate should be told about the missing section and told how (and why) to slant it. If you have a task which could be done by a subordinate, use the next occasion to start training him/her to do it instead of doing it yourself you will need to spend some time monitoring the task in that respectafter, but far less that in doing it yourself.Doing the work of OthersA major impact upon your work can be the tendency to help others with theirs. Now, in the spirit of an open and harmonious work environment it is obviously desirable that you should be willing to help out but check your work log and decide how much time you spend on your own work and how much you spend on others. For instance, if you spend a morning checking the grammar and spelling in the train ing material related to you last project, then that is waste. Publications should do the proofreading, that is their job, they are better at it than you are you should deal at the technical level. The remaining problem is your manager.Consider what periods in yourwork log were used to perform tasks that your manager either repeated or simply negated by ignoring it or redefining the task, too late. Making your manager efficient is a very difficult task, but where it impinges upon your work and performance you must take the bull by the horns (or whatever) and confront the issue. Managing your manager may seem a long way from Time Management but no one impacts upon your use of time more than your immediate superior.If a task is ill defined seek clarification (is that a one scallywag summary or a ten page report?). If seemingly random alterations are asked in your deliverables, ask for the reasons and next time clarify these and similar points at the beginning. If the manager is diffi cult, try writing a small specification for each task before beginning it and have it agreed. While you can not tactfully hold your manager to this contract if he/she has a change of mind, it will at least cause him/her to consider the issues early on, before you waste your time on false assumptions.External AppointmentsThe next stage of Personal Time Management is to start taking control of your time. The first problem is appointments. Start with a simple appointments diary. In this book you will have (or at least should have) a complete list of all your known appointments for the foreseeable future. If you have omitted your regular ones (since you remember them anyway) add them now. Your appointments constitute your fundamental interaction with other people they are the agreed interface between your activities and those of others they are determined by external obligation. They often fill the diary. Now, be ruthless and eliminate the unnecessary. There may be committees where you can not productively contribute or where a subordinate might be (better) able to participate. There may be long lunches which could be better run as short conference calls. There may be interviews which last three times as long as necessary because they are scheduled for a whole hour.Eliminate the wastage starting today. The next stage is to add to your diary lists of other, personal activity which will enhance your use of the available time. Consider what is the most important type of activity to add to your diary? No- stop reading for a moment and really, consider. The single most important type of activity is those which will save you time allocate time to save time, a stitch in time saves days. And most importantly of all,always allocate time to time management at least five minutes each and every day. For each appointment left in the diary, consider what actions you might take to ensure that no time is wasted plan to avoid work by organism prepared.Thus, if you are going to a m eeting where you will be asked to comment on some report, allocate time to read it so avoiding delays in the meeting and increasing your chances of making the right decision the first time. Consider what actions need to be done before AND what actions must be done to follow-up. Even if the latter(prenominal) is unclear before the event, you must still allocate time to review the matter and to plan the resulting action. Simply mark in your diary the block of time necessary to do this and, when the time comes, do it.Scheduling ProjectsThe most daunting external appointments are deadlines often, the handover of deliverables. Do you leave the work too late? Is there commonly a final panic towards the end? Are the last few hectic hours often marred by errors? If so, use Personal Time Management. The basic idea is that your management of personal deadlines should be achieved with exactly the same techniques you would use in a large project check the specification are you sure that you a gree on what is to be delivered break the task down into small sections so that you can estimate the time needed for each, and monitor progress schedule reviews of your progress (e.g. after each sub-task) so that you can respond quickly to difficulties Like most management ideas, this is common sense. Some people, however, refute it because in practise they find that it merely shows the lack of time for a project which must be done anyway.This is simply daft If simple project cookery and time management show that the task can not be done, then it will not be done but by discriminating at the start, you have a chance to do something about it. An impossible deadline affects not only your success but also that of others. Suppose a product is scheduled for release too soon because you agree to deliver too early. Marketing and Sales will prepare customers to expect the product showing why they really need it but it will not arrive.The customers will be dissatisfied or even lost, the competition will have advanced warning, and all because you agreed to do the impossible. You can avoid this type of problem. By practising time management, you will always have a clear understanding of how you spend your time and what time isunallocated. If a new task is thrust upon you, you can estimate whether it is practical. The project planning tells you how much time is needed and the time management tells you how much time is available. There are four ways to deal with impossible deadlinesGet the deadline extendedScream for more resourcesGet the Deliverable redefined to something practical kingdom the position clearly so that your boss (and his/her boss) have fair warning If this simple approach seems unrealistic, consider the alternative. If you have an obligate, but unobtainable, deadline and you accept it then the outcome is your assured failure. Of course, there is a fifth option move to a company with realistic schedules. One defence tactic is to present your superior w ith a current list of your obligations indicating what impact the new task will have on these, and ask him/her to assign the priorities I cant do them all, which should I slip?. Another tactic is to keep a data base of your time estimates and the actual time taken by each task.This will quickly expose into a source of valuable data and increase the accuracy of your planning predictions. There is no reason why you should respond only to externally imposed deadlines. The slightly shoddy product which you hand-over after the last minute rush (and normally have returned for correction the following week) could easily have been polished if only an extra day had been available so move your personal deadline forward and allow yourself the luxury of leisured review before the product is shipped.Taking this a step further, the same sort of review might be applied to the product at each stage of its development so that errors and rework time are reduced. Thus by allocating time to quality r eview, you save time in rework and this is all part of project planning supported and monitored by your time management. Finally, for each activity you should estimate how much time it is worth and allocate only that amount. This critical appraisal may even suggest a different approach or method so that the time matches the tasks importance. Beware of perfection, it takes too long allocate time for fitness for purpose, then stop.Monitoring mental facultyYour Personal Time Management also affects other people, particularly your subordinates. Planning projects means not only allocating your time but also the distribution of tasks and this should be done in the same planned, monitored and reviewed manner as your own scheduling. Any delegated task should be specified with an (agreed) end date. As a Manager, you are accountable for ensuring that the tasks allocated to your subordinates are completed successfully. Thus you should ensure that each task is concluded with a deliverable (f or instance, a memo to confirm completion) you make an entry in your diary to check that this has arrived. Thus, if you agree the task for Tuesday, Wednesday should have an entry in your diary to check the deliverable. This simple device allows you to monitor progress and to initiate action as necessary.Long term ObjectivesThere are many long term objectives which the good Manager must achieve, particularly with regard to the development, support and motive of his/her work-team. Long term objectives have the problem of being important but not urgent they do not have deadlines, they are distant and remote. For this reason, it is all too easy to ignore them in favour of the urgent and immediate. Clearly a rest period must be struck. The beauty of Time Management is that the balance can be decided objectively (without influence from immediate deadlines) and self-imposed through the use of the diary. Simply, a manager might decide that one hour a week should be devoted to personnel i ssues and would then allocate a regular block of time to that activity.Of course if the factory is on fire, or World War III is declared, the manager may have to re-allocate this time in a particular week but barring such crises, this time should then become sacrosanct and always applied to the same, designated purpose. Similarly, time may be allocated to staff development and training. So if one afternoon a calendar month is deemed to be a suitable allocation, then simply designate the second Thursday (say) of each month and delegate the choice of speakers.The actual time spent in managing this sort of long term objective is small, but without that deliberate planning it will not be achieved. Once you have implemented Personal Time Management, it is worth using some of that control to augment your own career. Some quiet weekend, you should sketch out your own long term objectives and plan a route to them. As you would any long term objective,allocate time to the necessary sub-task s and monitor your progress. If you do not plan where you want to go, you are unlikely to get there.Concluding Remarks.Personal Time Management is a systematic application of common sense strategies. It requires little effort, yet it promotes efficient work practices by highlighting wastage and it leads to effective use of time by focusing it on your chosen activities. Personal Time Management does not solve your problems it reveals them, and provides a structure to implement and monitor solutions. It enables you to take control of your own time how you use it is then up to you.

Mass Media And Youth Culture Criminology Essay

Mass Media And Youth Culture Criminology EssayMass media plays an important eccentric in shaping youth culture. As we solely know, the Internet, television, radio, newspapers, magazines and other forms of mass media have been integrated into the lives of youths today. The Internet provides a powerful platform for the youths to exact much intimately what is happening around the world. However, the mass amount of information that it distributes may be both positive and negative to the youths. Not too long ago, teenaged who st atomic number 18d at group slashed to death (The Star/Asia News, November 02, 2010, p.1) made its way to the headlines which threw Singapores public security into jeopardy. The display of physical aggression is what causes moral decay in youths nowadays. Domestic fierceness and helpmate pressure are the key factors in influencing the youths to display signs of physical aggression while the Internet totally plays a pincer part. In this essay, I further ex pound on how the Internet, internal force-out and peer pressure quarter lead to physical aggression among youths today.Internet has widened the youths take of absorbing information and knowledge, but it includes decadent information which may eventually spread ferocity among youths. Website such as YouTube, a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and collect videos, allows youth to come into contact with videos containing violent acts easily. (Hopkins, J. 2006.) Online video games also play a significant role in influencing the youths to bankrupt violent behavior. For example, Counter-Strike, one of the alleged(prenominal) killers games where the gamer plays through the eyes of a heavily armed character and kills as many enemies as possible. The display of violence in the game such as using a knife to stab the head of an enemy can be imitated by youths to kill relentlessly. The outburst of sources containing violence from various means has escalate the juven ile crime situation, causing variations in crime types, methods and results. In the 1980s, juvenile crime generally involves theft and fights. In the 2000s, juvenile crime progressed on to band robbery, major theft even disengaged murder, armed robbery, arson etc. (Georgia, 1992.) The research shows that serious criminal offences have been markedly worsen. However, the fault does non lie with the Internet, honorable like water can float a boat, so can it swallow the ship. The excessive amount of information involving violence distributed by the Internet plays only a minor role in guiding the youths to develop violent behavior. However, domestic violence and peer pressure plays a huge part.First of all, parents are their childrens first teacher, which is why what we are just like a mirror reflection of our parents. As the saying goes, Monkey see, monkey do. If a parent is violent, it would not be surprising if his or her child takes after his violent nature. Therefore, domestic vio lence is undoubtedly the number one factor which causes youths to develop violent behavior. The domestic violence mainly refers to physical abuse. Each year, an estimated 3.3 million children are exposed to violence from their mothers, babysitters or by family members. (American Psychological Association, 1996.) Youths are highly vulnerable to fear, dread and pessimism if they have been witnessing family abuse or even experiencing physical abuse from their parents since they were young. Children may suffer from self-abasement or even get isolated from his peers and affect their academic results and daily life. If the situation becomes severe, there will be at a greater risk of runaway youths or youths committing criminal acts. Youths will get the ruin message that it iss okay to abuse other people or let others hurt them. Research done by Browne and Angela (1987) shows that a third of all children who see their mothers being physically abused develop emotional problems, and that boys who see their fathers physically abuse their mothers are ten seasons more likely to be abusive in their future marriages. Boys who witness family violence are more likely to batter their female partners as adults, and girls who witness their mothers abuse have a higher rate of being battered as adults. These common sense observations are facts, not myths. (Ewing Charles Patrick, 1987) It is undeniable that domestic violence is the major factor which has caused the youths to develop violent behavior.Another one of the major factors that lead to teenage violence behavior will be peer pressure. Peer pressure may be especially strong during adolescence. (Kate Havelin, 2000) Teenagers at this stage are easily influenced by their peers. For example, you may decide to buy a same brand of bag that your friends have. much(prenominal) behavior does not seem to exude anything, but it is a sign of getting on the bandwagon. For example, one of your friends might persuade you to join his gang after you have been bullied by someone else and that, only by being in a gang, can you take revenge. Matt Monteverde (2008) stated that youths cannot resist the temptation of peer pressure. Many youths who getd physical abuse from their peers often worry that they may get into hot soup if they inform the teacher or parents about the abuse. We should get along with violence among youths thoroughly, or else a wrong message will be spread across to youths that Violence can be accepted. Peer pressure can cause the victim to gradually believe that I should be the victim of violence and submit to humiliation. Eventually, peer pressure would worsen the situation of violence among the youths and validity of upgrades.The Internet, domestic violence and peer pressure have indeed formed a wrong circle that reinforces itself through a feedback loop. Firstly, the Internet has gradually seemly a huge platform for the young victims of domestic violence to spread and share their resentmen t with others. As mentioned before, that youths can easily upload, share, and view videos involving violence on website such as YouTube or Facebook. Children who view media violence are said to be more likely to have increased feelings of hostility, decreased emotional answer to the portrayal of violence and injury that lead to violent behavior. The Academy of Pediatrics says More than one thousand scientific studies and reviews conclude that significant exposure to media violence increases the risk of aggressive behavior in certain children, desensitizes them to violence and makes them believe that the world is a meaner and scarier place than it is. (Aimee.T, 2003) If youths start to think that this kind of violence is acceptable, therefore these thoughts are often difficult to change in rest of their life. Then eventually can lead to domestic violence in the future. In turn, youths who experience domestic violence will use violence on their peers through imitation. Many victims were been forced to remain silent for the pain that they endured. Therefore the only lenient way for them to voice out their anguish is again, through social net working sites such as Facebook, Tumblr and Twitter. Lastly, the three factors will form a vicious circle and resulting in more youths been influenced to develop violent behaviour.Eventually, why domestic violence and peer pressure are the major cause of developing violence among youths is because what they bring to the youths is only the negative impacts. The effect of domestic violence is absolutely negative towards youths. For peer pressure, although it affects youths to develop negative behaviors, the competition among the peers can be a kind of motivation power sometimes. Finally, what the Internet can benefits us are more than enough to cover the blemish it has left on developing violence among youths. For example, Dawn Smith stated (2010) Internet games can help children focus. Youths who have Attention Deficit Diso rder, or ADD, can actually sit for longer periods of time to play some of their favorite games. Not only does this help them keep focus, it also teaches them patience. In fact, the Internet has plays an important role in preventing and educating people about domestic violence. The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence of USA has held an conference in last year regarding the issue about using online technology to prelude the movement to end domestic violence. Their main goal was to let the public get to know more about domestic violence around them and learn how to stop the extension of such cases through social net working sites. By using the power of social net working sites, it became extremely easy to share and spread information to help the victims worldwide.In conclusion, the Internet plays an important role in shaping youth culture but it is not the main cause of violence among youths. This is because domestic violence and peer pressure contribute much more negative im pacts that influencing the youths to develop violent behavior compare to the Internet. Therefore, I conclude that the Internet is not the main cause of developing violence among youths.

Case Study: Carl Rogers Self Centred Approach

Case Study Carl Rogers Self Centred ApproachWorking intensively with ClientsSummary of Issues Identified40 yrs oldRecently separated from 20 year marriageTwo children daughter, 9yrs and son, 14yrs daughter lives away from both parents, son predominantly resides with JulieRelationship with former partner amicable except re-partnered and has become hostile.Wants to further development/careerFinancially stable in former coitionship, now non-financially set up no assistance towards childrens financial needs.Concerned of impact of relationship breakdown on children and fathers new relationshipMinimal family braveIsolation like feelings depressive difficulty coping and/or accommodating to the current changes in her life.Julies Case StudyInitial consultation with Julie would enable to soma a client-counsellor relationship and to undertake respectment in order to identify issues of her current position for development of agreement surrounded by her and me as to goals and tasks by ac quirement of those goals through manipulation. More importantly identifying the source of what made bought her to the services, this being whether she is a voluntary or involuntary client as this sack impact on the approach taken to achieve the most successful engagement process with the client as has been identified to the effect that engagement for involuntary clients is often a different and more difficult process than engagement with voluntary clients due to the coercion of the legal system or significant others1There are miscellaneous structural frameworks for successful engagement in counselling a client that could be used however in this paper I am disposed(p) a general background of Julie and based on that background (generally obtained through initial assessment) have summarised the issues (aforementioned) and believe that the main approach here to be taken, only when not limited to is a Self-Centred approach and from which the theories of Carl Rogers willing be relie d upon.By applying Carl Rogers self-centred approach recognition of the three core characteristics of such surmise are relied upon, being the following2Empathy (the counsellor trying to understand the clients point of view)Congruence (the counsellor being a genuine person)Unconditional coercive Regard (UPR) (the counsellor being non-judgmental).Guided by this theory will best approach Julies personal situation as the non-directive therapy is likely to be of long term use for Julie.As Julie is showing emotional instability, identifying that there is no immediate threat of harm. In taking an empathetic approach with Julie is likely to make her more positive about opening up and giving her an outlet to speak about what she has desire therapy for. This in turn will book a good rapport to initiate between myself and Julie.Congruence can assist with negative thoughts that Julie is experiencing regarding her education, skill set and business possibilities. Furthermore it appears tha t Julie has experienced forms of demoralisation by her former husband. Julies family history also requires assessment and ascertaining if she has come to acceptance with the death of her mother and recognition of such impact that this has or has antecedently caused on her approach in relationships and personal life.Unconditional Positive Regard fits with Julies present circumstances when analysing the now hostile relationship that has formed between her and her former husband. This will be by benefit in that she can attend to venting her frustration and pass oning her to help disregard the thrust of the anger, frustration, and volatile constitution of conflict with her former husband.Based on the evidence at hand to provide high quality of care relevant to Julie would involve direct and in-depth identification of her needs and being responsive to such will help assist the structure, application and result of therapy. Given her depression a high level of empathetic language and att endance in respectfulness is required. In achieving an even higher level of care ethical and holistic approaches are to be factored in also.In assisting treatment with Julie engagement with other specialised agencies would be of benefit in that they can provide more thorough assistance in the underlying issues for treatment progression.In respect of Julies emotional state I would highly recommend seeking assessment and ongoing treatment with her local general practitioner. This will assist in thorough diagnosis of her current mental health and, if as indicated, Julie is suffering depression from the impact of changes in her life, then this will allow for medical examination intervention in the form of prescribed medication to be used in the interim treatment.Julie has also been affected by a marital breakdown and is now facing a hostile relationship between her former partner and herself. Given the length of the relationship involving marriage, obtainment of assets and liabilities and children from the former relationship, in particular her son who is a minor aged 14 years, it would be of necessity to Julie to seek legal intervention to ascertain her legal rights and come ask the monetary and parental responsibility that exists to finality.Although at first recommendation would be to seek advice only and in this regard I would recommend her contacting a residential area legal centre in her area to obtain such relevant information. If in fact, further intervention were necessary from the outset of the advice received, arrangements could then be sought to facilitate engagement by way of intermediation between herself and her former partner and in this regard advice to contact such services providing relationship mediation like Relationships Australia, Interrelate, CatholicCare, Anglicare or any other alike service details would be provided to Julie.With connecting Julie with one of the pre-mentioned services it will allow her to access more than only mediat ion given that the services are connection family based, they can also offer Julie with information and provide further services for her concerns raised in relation to her children, in particular Damien.Julie expresses the desire for career development in accounting though lacks self-confidence believing that she is not able to as her employment and education has been limited. Julie has in effect been limited by non-completion of her higher education, parental responsibilities and her former partner insisting that she take on the role of full-time caregiver to the children however Julie has managed to maintain some part-time employment in a customer service role.Approach to be taken in assisting her goal, alongside therapy for improvement of self-confidence, and medical intervention by her local general practitioner, would be providing details or arranging an appointment for her to attend upon a career guidance counsellor. This would give her the networking tools to assess the poss ibilities and educational resources that can be offered to her and by seeking assistance from a professional in this area will provide her with further resources for educational and employment opportunities.Such services that would be provided to Julie, and their corresponding details would be training and/or educational institutions like TAFE, university enabling programs, WEA and other relevant local community institutions. Connecting Julie with employment agencies providing details to Julie of employment agencies that can assist in accountancy roles or facilitation of education such as Randstad or Hudson to assist in these aspects. roaring therapy would involving guiding Julie to be able to transition from her current circumstances and gain effective tools to recognise, process and deal with situations that arise assisting also in alleviating any early conditions that she may be susceptible to. This can be done by application of a recognised framework such that initial structure can be established, development of rapport between Julie and I identification of the problems that exist exploration of herself together with her perceptions and behaviours the possible assessments and acquisition of environmental input such as assimilation, problem solving and decision making creation of plan of action continual follow up with Julie and the possibilities of development with additional strategies prior to termination.Helena Gorton schoolchild 377 160 6491 (Cingolani, 1984 Behroozi, 1992 De Jong Berg, 2001).2 http//www.counsellingtutor.com/counselling-approaches/person-centred-approach-to-counselling/

Vocabulary Component Of Language

Vocabulary Component Of LanguageVocabulary is an measurable component of linguistic communication cook a go at itledge because without knowing a exhaustively deal of phraseology students entrust get difficulty when they express their ideas. As Zhihong (200018) verbalize, Without a sufficient reciprocationing, one stoolnot communicate effectively or express ideas. It means that having limited dictionary might cause difficulty for students as opposed language learners to communicate with others and express their ideas. They might be stuck when using the language. check to Luppescu and Day (1993 266), Building a large diction is essential when larn English because people with large vocabularies ar more proficient than those with limited vocabularies. In other family, when students have piles of language, they can communicate relatively well than those who lack of expression. therefore, students should have enough English diction in order to be able to under tell apart their studies favoredly.Having lots of English vocabulary is important for anyone who wants to use the language. Decarrico (2001 205) states, Vocabulary attainment is central to language acquisition, whether first, second, or foreign. It means that learning vocabulary is the prior component that mustiness be accustomed to the students during their field of operation of the language. They must he exposed with the vocabulary of the language they argon poring over. Thus, teachers be expected to develop their studentsrI2vocabulary by giving them the techniques or strategies of learning vocabulary. In the same fashion, students atomic number 18 in like manner expected to have their con gibee strategies in learning vocabulary. According to August and her colleagues (available at pwww.readinrockets.orWarticle/9943), vocabulary learning strategies include Dictionary useIn this strategy, learners can find multiple volume piths as well as splendor of choosing the remove de finition to fit the split upicular context. Morphemic AnalysisThis strategy is the process of deriving a spoken language meaning by analyzing its important parts or morphemes. Such word parts include root linguistic communication, prefixesand suffixes. Contextual AnalysisIt involves inferring the meaning of an unfamiliar word by scrutinizing the text surround it. Instruction in contextual analysis gener ally involves breeding students to employ both generic and specific types of context clues.They besides suggest several strategies that take care to be particularly valuable for building the vocabularies of English Language Learners. These strategies include taking advantage of students first language if the language shares cognates with English, education the meaning of prefatory speech communication, and providing sufficient review and reinforcement. establish on the several strategies partn above, it can be said that vocabulary learning strategies are specific actions i nterpreted by the learner to make3learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations. body politic (19863) has listed 3,000 advanced-frequency English words and recommends these words as the basis of selection and order of vocabulary in teaching English at schools. He said that the learners of English as a foreign language need to master a productive knowledge and heart-to-heart knowledge of 1,000 and 2,000 high-frequency words. These skills bequeath enable learners to communicate their ideas in the language they are thinking whether in oral or written.Nurweni and Read (1999 161) conducted the hold in Lampung and discovered that students had aboutwhat knowledge of 1226 English words. They similarly cited several questiones Quin (1968) conducted a vocabulary size of High schoolhouse students graduated in Salafga and discovered that the subjects knew less than 1,000 of the most frequent English words after six years of study in high school and another study conducted by Suwarno Kartini (1998) in Bengkulu, they discovered that the students knew around 2,000 of the high-frequency words. All of the researches were about the vocabulary size of Indonesian learners specially students of High School (University level) the chair showed that their vocabulary knowledge was still limited.The recent researches about vocabulary knowledge were conducted by Karwuur (2005) and Kurniawati (2004ii). Karwuur conducted her research by analyzing the junior high schools English standards. She analyzed three English textbooks used by junior high school levels and discovered that those books4contain 1196 high-frequency words out of 2000 high-frequency words listed in res publica (198610-80). Kurniawati conducted a study of vocabulary knowledge of junior high school stuqents in several state junior high schools in Jakarta and discovered that the students were estimated to know 819 words receptively and 409 words productively out of 1,000 and 2,000 vocabulary levels.In Indonesia, English is a compulsory subject for students from primary school to university level. As utter in the 1999 English Curriculum, students of junior high school are expected to have solid language skills so that they are able to communicate well. Based on it, students in junior-grade High School level are expected to cover 1,000 words.From all the research above, thither has not been any research yet to discover the vocabulary size ofjunior high school ground on English textbooks. The explanation above excite the researcher to find out more about the size of students English vocabulary at Junior High School in Jakarta based on the vocabulary found in their textbooks used at Junior High School level.1.2 Problem StatementBased on the background of the study above, the researcher is interested in finding out the number of words known by the students of Junior High School based on their textbooks. The research question of this study is formulated as follow How much is the size of the junior high school students knowledge of the English vocabulary learned from their textbooks?51.3 Target PopulationThe population of my research is Junior High School (SMP) level students. From this population, the sample for this particular survey is the third level of SMP students. They are students who are taken from several cloak-and-dagger schools in Jakarta.1.4 Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of the study is to investigate the English vocabulary size of Junior High School students, especially those from private schools in Jakarta..1.5 Limitation of the studyThis study is limited to third graders junior high school students located in Jakarta. The number of the students include is 311 students.1.6 Weaknesses of the StudyThe researcher realized that this study has some weaknesses. Among them areThis study is emphasized only in English vocabulary size in that location is no clear border between receptive and productive competence in order to time vocabulary size ofjunior high school students6 The era taken is limited because the population was existence prepared for the National examination, so that the researcher has limited condemnation to take the data needed.1.7 Benefit of the StudyHopefully, this study gives information about the vocabulary size ofjunior high school students. It is expected that the information is useful as an input for English teachers to know their students English exercise especially their vocabulary. Thus, the teacher might be able to prepare the lesson with good techniques and strategies in order to lead the students more interested and traveld in expanding their vocabulary, especially the high-frequency words and studying English.C7CHAPTER IILITERATURE REVIEWIn this chapter, vocabulary in language learning will be firstly discussed, followed by tryouting vocabulary, then vocabulary selection and kinds of vocabulary size test. Finally, measuring v ocabulary size will be explained in the last part of this chapter.2.1. Vocabulary in Language LearningCoady and Hicklin (19975) stated that, Vocabulary is central to language and of critical important to the typical language learner. Zhang Xi (19923 3) also says that, Mastering vocabulary is an important aspect of learning a language. It can be concluded that vocabulary is very crucial for the language learners to acquire and master. In English learning process vocabulary is still quite difficult for students to acquire new or unfamiliar words. In fact, if the students do not know enough words, it is im thinkable for students to understand ideas to express their thought. As Luppescu Day (1993265) said, Building a large vocabulary is essential when learning language because learners with large vocabularies are more proficient than those with limited vocabularies. It means that students will succeed if they have much vocabulary because they know what should they speak, write and they can comprehend what they hear and read. It is also supported by Anderson and Freebody (1981 77), Vocabulary knowledge is an excellent predictor of general language ability. In the language use, vocabulary becomesn8important to them so it must be paid forethought by both teachers and students. In this case teachers have many social occasions in the process of teaching and learning vocabulary because not only the meaning of words moreover also the words knowledge whereas the students should be active in learning process. Harmer (199 1242) states that, In play the role of facilitating, the teacher should always be ready to offer help if it is needed and is available whenever the students wish to consult them. Thus, the teacher should make a good plan in teaching English especially vocabulary and prepare the lesson by using an interesting method.Courtright and Wesolek in their research report (20013) indicate that, It is an importance to incorporate interactive vocabulary activitie s into English classes. It can be designed to fulfill the following purposes1. Exposure (concept of clarifying word meaning and illustrate appropriate usage)2. Expansion (concept of using the appropriate word form in context)3. Expression (concept of demonstrating word knowledge in either oral or written buffer expression using the target words)While each of the three purposes should be covered at each level of language proficiency, the proportion of class judgment of conviction spent on activities for each purpose will vary according to the level of the students. At beginning levels like junior high school students for example, teachers scat to spend more time clarifying the meaning or exposing the students to the words and refining usage. Moreover the material and interesting media selection need to be given more.9attention to the teachers as a facilitator in the learning process in order to increase the students vocabulary size.In the learning process, the goal of learning pla ys an important role in the main point. As stated in the English curriculum ofjunior high school (Depdiknas 1999) that the goal of vocabulary learning of Junior high school student who use English as a foreign language is to prepare themselves with vocabulary that can be used in expressing idea and communicating with other people. Furthermore, they are also expected to master 1,000 words. The curriculum states both the number of words which should be acquired and the list of words that should be taught. In the other words, junior high school students are provided with the amount of vocabulary which is classified advertisement into some topics. Based on this reason, students need to prepare themselves with a good language skill in order.to be able to communicate their ideas in the target language both oral and written.According to the foreign language teaching methodology, linguistic competence is generally categorized into skills that refer to both receptive competence (listening a nd reading) and productive competence (speaking and writing). As cited by Herudjati and Hendarti (2004v), The crucial role of teachers is to help students master the target language. It means that the process of mastering the target language, the students need teachers role to fulfill final purpose of the learning language. In this case, the teachers as both motivators and facilitators must be wisely motivated, facilitated, and encouraged students to improve their productive competence. Thus the teachers role is very important toII10motivate their students in learning vocabulary especially to stimulate the students in producing their vocabulary whether in oral or written language.Besides teachers role, textbook usage is also one of important factors to support the learning process. According to Kizilirmak (1991 47)The textbook, after all, is the main resource of the material for most language teachers. It was also agreed by Karwuur(2005i3), that textbook is one of the teaching mater ials which is the most accessible and effective for most teachers to support their teaching programs. Thus, the students achievement should be considered with the role of the textbook usage during the learning process.From the surmise above, this study will be focused on the studentsvocabulary achievement based on their textbooks target.2.2 Testing VocabularyAccording to Novozhilova (Available atjip//www. natek.freenet.kz/novozhilova.html), Testing is an important part of each teaching and learning experience. Well-made test of English can help students in at least two ways. First, such tests can help make out positive attitudes toward the ciass. Second, English tests can benefit students is by helping them master the language. Properly, made English test can help create positive attitudes toward instruction by giving students a sense of accomplishment and a feeling that the teachers evaluation of them matches what he has taught them. It is also agreed by Nation (19998). He said that testing usually has two effects (1) It provides information for the teacher and learners (2) it influences the teachersI11and learners attitudes. That is, testing can encourage learning and upgrade interest in it.Besides those effects of the testing above, good English tests also help students to learn the language by requiring them to study hard, emphasizing course objectives, and showing them where they need to improve. In other word, the result of tests can help teachers answer the important question Have I been effective in my teaching? It means that the tests can be used to cite our own efforts as well as those of our students. Then, test is beneficial for students, teachers, and even administrators by confirming win that has been made and showing how can trounce redirect our future efforts. In addition, good test can sustain or enhance class team spirit and aid learning.Test of language sub skills do not show exactly how well a person uses English, and they can help teachers diagnose students strengths and weaknesses in oral or written communication. Generally, language tests are simply instruments or procedures for gathering particular kinds of information, typically information tie in with students language abilities. In this case, the test of vocabulary is used to diagnose areas of student needs or sources of learning difficulties, to reflect on the effectiveness of materials and activities, and to encourage students involvement in the learning progress for further classroom- based applications of language test. Novozhiiova adds that the reasons for testing can be identified as follows1. Testing tells teachers what students can or cannot do-in order words, tests show the teachers how successful their teaching has been. It providesI12wash-back from them to adjust and change course content and teaching style where necessary.2. Testing tells students how well they are progressing. This may stimulate them to take learning more seriously.3. By identifying students strength and weaknesses, testing can help identify areas for remedial work.4. Testing will help evaluate the effectiveness of the program, course-books, material, and methods.Thus, teaching and testing are two inseparable aspects of the teachers task. They have an essential role in developing the students communicative competence.2.3 Vocabulary SelectionVocabulary selection is related to the materials in used to enrich and develop students vocabulary. According to Read (2000148) Vocabulary size test is merely samples of items representing their perspective frequency level, not words that are of interest in their own right. It means that to select the vocabulary that will be tested, the test taker must consider to the criteria of vocabulary selection. Karwuur (200510) notes that the selection of vocabulary should be based on the learners needs and the consideration of whether it is useful to them or not. Not to be different from them, Richards (200 17) said that there are two major(ip) criteria that should be considered by the teacher in selecting and organizing vocabulary from the classroom, they are frequency and cuckold of words. It is also13agreed by Nation (1990 18-19) that frequency and range of the words are the main criteria in making selection of vocabulary for teaching learning in a class.Moreover, vocabulary selection is also related to direct and indirect vocabulary learning. In direct vocabulary learning, the students do exercises and activity that focus their attention on vocabulary. Word-building exercises, guessing word from context, learning word in lists, and vocabulary games are included in direct vocabulary learning. In indirect vocabulary learning the students attention is focused in some other feature such as message that is conveyed by a speaker or writer. As cited in Nation (19992), Krashen (1981 a) said that those arethe input surmisal of language learning. Nation (19993) also states that there are quaternity way s in selecting vocabulary. They are as followsI. Material is prepared with vocabulary learning as a consideration. In this case the selection and grading of vocabulary has been given a lot of attention before the course begins.2. Words are dealt with as they happen to occur. It means that if an unknown word appears in the reading passage, the teacher gives some attention to it at the moment it causes a problem.3. Vocabulary is taught in joining with other language activities. In other words, it should be concerned with real life.4. Time is spent either in class or out of school.From all the ways above it can be said that selecting words is not an easything to do because there are not only some aspects determining the vocabularyI14selection but also the curriculum guidance on English subject coveriiig the words should be taught and which should be left out.Having good enough vocabulary influences the students in some waysthey understand what they read, what they hear, what they want to say, and write. Because vocabulay is an important component in language learning, it is used in all ianguage skiHs whether in reading, listening, speaking, or writing. It can not be separated each other. Vocabulary learning in the Junior High School level needs more attentions because according to the previous researches found that the problem ofjunior high school students is they lack of vocabulary so they could have difficulties in both receptive and productive English skills. therefore, this study focused on the words included in the junior high school textbooks used by the students the result gained will indicate that the junior high school students have a progress in learning the vocabulary. The textbooks refer to the 1999 curriculum guidance.2.4 Types of Vocabulary Size TestBased on the frequency and the word range, Nation (20026) dividedvocabulary into 4 groups. They areI. High frequency wordsHigh frequency words are words that occur frequently in running text orspeech o f the native speaker. These words are very important so the studentsshould be familiar with those words.152. Academic wordsThe academic words are the words that used in the common academic text.3. Technical wordsThese words are closely related to the topic discussed.4. Low frequency wordsThese kind of words are included all the words that are not high frequencywords, not academic words and not technical words for a particular subject.He also says that the word-frequency counts help teachers and course designers in several ways. (a) They can help a teacher develop a feeling about which words are useful and should be given attention and which are infrequent. (b) They can provide a principled basis for developing words list for teaching, for designing graded courses and reading texts, and for preparing vocabulary test. (c) Where frequency counts give information on range, they are also useful for developing specialized words list. Thus, the vocabulary for the junior high school student s that useful is high-frequency words which have a wide range.The test is very important in order to know the students progressive and the teacher effectiveness in teaching learning process. There are several types of test that can be used to test the vocabulary sizeI. Multiple choice testCross the choice that gives the best meaning of the wordA tome 1. a rough split2. a pain in the back163. a large, heavy book4. a type of horse2. Yes/No or checklist testTick the words you knowexploreachieve _____survive _______environment ______3. Translation test realize the underline word into your first language.A bird has two wings.4. Matching itemsoriginalprivate completeroyal firstslow not unexclusivesorrytotalThose types of vocabulary test have the advantages and disadvantages. According to Nation (200181), they areMultiple-choice itemsMultiple-choice items are difficult and need more time to make it but they are very quick and easy to score if the answers are clear. The test takers perform ance is too dependent on the choice of distracters and they black market to guess the answer.172. The Y/N or checklist itemsAre easy to make and score but this tent to make the test taker overestimate of their vocabulary knowledge.3.. Translation itemsThe rendition test are easy to produce and they ask the students to perform a task which is equal to what they do when reading or listening, but the scoring can be complicated and scorer need to know the students mother tongue.4. Matching itemsThe matching items are quick and easy to produce but it gives the test taker an opportunity to guess whey they answer.There are several types of test to measure students vocabulary size. Inchoosing the suitable test type, the principles suggested by Nation (2001345) are1. The test has plenty of items.2. The test item type requires the learner to use the kind of vocabulary knowledge that wants to be tested.3. The test is easy to make, mark, and interpret, and has good effect on the learning and teaching.After the purposes and uses of the testing have been decided, the next point to consider is what kinds of information have to be known. In this case, to know the vocabulary size of the junior high school students, the researcher gave a test used to measure their vocabulary. Considering all the types of vocabulary size tests presented above, this study used explanation test as a tool to measure18students vocabulary size. In this test, the students are expected to translate the target words given. As Rebecca (1990 84) stated that, Translating can be helpful strategy early in language learning, as long as it is used with care. In this test, the students are allowed to use their own language as the basis for understanding what they hear or read in the new language. Thus, the English vocabulary size ofjunior high school students will be obtained.19CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter incLudes research objective, the research methodology, the subjects of the study, target vocabulary, techniques of data collection method, and data analysis.3.1. Research ObjectiveThe aim of this research is to find out whether the students have the adequate vocabulary size. In order to know the size of the students vocabulary knowledge, the translation test was employed. The test is intended to measure how much the junior high school students know the vocabulary they learned from their English textbooks.3.2. Research MethodologyThe methodology used in this research is survey. As stated on the website available at http//www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/survey.htm), survey research is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research. The resistant area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents. In survey, the samples are highly preferred a big class. Denscombe (199222) stated that being enhanced representative of the samples and allows greater confidence to making generalization use t he large sample.20I3.3. Subject of the studySubjects in this study were private Junior High School students in Jakarta. The subjects were taken from nine different private schools in Jakarta by using a purposive ergodic sampling. The researcher took 9 schools out of 685 schools. The selection was based on their achievement in the study exam score. First, the researcher selected three private schools randomly that had the highest national exam score and classified them as high-level private schools. Then, the researcher selected another three private schools that had the average national exam score and classified them as medium-level schools. At the last, the researcher selected three private schools that had the lowest national exam score and classified them as low-level schools. One class was taken as a sample from each school. The main purpose of having high, medium, and low-level is to discover whether there is a significant difference in the achievement of the students vocabul ary size learned from their textbooks.3.4. Target VocabularyThe target vocabulary was taken from the words in English textbooks for Junior High School. Before the sample was taken, the words were edited. Function words like the, a, to, in, that were not included in the test of this kind of words articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc.- are called as function words and seen as the grammar of the language. Thus the researcher sets out to test vocabulary by focusing on the content words as the target words.21The target vocabularies were selected from 2235 words which are used in Junior High School English textbooks. Following Thorndike and Lorges method of estimating vocabulary size as cited by Nation (199076), the researcher selectedevery tenth word of the lists after the function words were elirninated. Consequently, there are 200 words tested to the participants.3.5. Data Collection methodThe translation test is employed to collect the data in order to know how many English words were known by the students. In the test, each target word was provided in the sentences which are underlined, then, the students were asked to write the meaning. in Indonesian on the answer sheet provided. The direction was also given in Indonesian.The test consisted of 200 items. each(prenominal) item consisted of one short-simple sentence in English in which the target word was underlined. The students were asked to write the meaning of the underlined word into Indonesian.The translation test is as followsVOCABULARY-SIZE testing FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSIN JAKARTATes mi dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui banyaknya kosakata yang telah saudara kuasai berdasarkan buku bahasa Inggris yang dipakai. Setiap soal terdiri atas satu kalimat yang di dalamnya terdapat sat kata yang digaris bawahi. Tuliskan makna kata tersebut dalam bahasa Indonesia pada lembar JAWABAN yang telah disediakan.Coba kerjakan tes dibawah mi1. She uses a dictionary to check difficult words. 2. The room is dark,3. She gave you an example.22There are two points in collecting the data, here are as follows3.5.1. Try Out of the InstrumentThe pilot study was conducted to calculate the reliability and hardihood of the test. The try out was calculated by using the Spearman Brown Method. The try out result indicated that the reliability coefficient for translation test is 0,8 8. Thus, it can be said that the test was reliable.The following is the formula of the Spearman Brown method N-(X)(Y)2(rXy)r11 = (i+rXy )Wherer = Pearson r= the sum of score in X-distribution-= the sum of score in Y-distributionXY = the sum of the products of pairs X- and Y-scores= the sum of the squared scores in X-distributionY2 = the sum of the squared scores in Y-distributionN = the number of paired X- and Y- scores (subjects)23Based on the computation, the result is 0.88, while the rt for N 20 IS 044. So the result of the sensibleity and reliability is higher thanthe critical r. It can be concluded that the test is valid and reliable enough to be used as a test instrument.3.5.2. Scoring TestThe type of the test used in this study is the translation test. It isused to identify whether the students knew the words in the textbooks they use.Following Nurweni and Reads study on vocabulary size ofIndonesian university students which also used translation test, there were four possible answers, which were acceptable, they areI. The answers gave a meaning of the word that was in likeness to the context and grammatically correct.2. The answer which gave a meaning of the word that was in relation with the context but it was grammatically incorrect.3. The answer gave a meaning of the target word that was not in relation with the context but it was one possible meaning of the target wordand grammatically correct.4. The answer gave a meaning that was not in relation with the context but it was one possible meaning of the target word and grammaticallyincorrect.24In this study, the four dif ferent types of answer were all accepted as correct. For example He is pjtin the room with risque colour. The answers might be mengecat, cat, melukis, lukis. All the answers are considered correct. Every correc